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to recommend the use of polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; in the diagnosis of this infection&#59; the Xpert MTB&#47;RIF&#174; is one of the devices indicated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> It is an automated&#44; fast&#44; semi-quantitative PCR method that simultaneously detects microorganisms of the MTB complex and the resistance of the agent to rifampicin in liquid clinical samples over a period of two hours&#46; While the use of this method in samples of pulmonary tuberculosis materials is well established&#44; its use in extrapulmonary infections has been poorly described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors report the case of a 19-year-old man&#44; born in Luanda&#44; Angola and living in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil for one year&#44; who presented painful nodules with progressive growth for five months&#46; He denied any systemic or respiratory symptoms&#46; On physical examination&#44; nodules and abscesses were noted on the cervical and thoracic regions&#44; with fistulization and discharge of secretion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; He brought previous exams to the consultation&#44; indicating non-reactive serology for hepatitis B&#44; C&#44; HIV&#44; and HTLV 1 and 2&#44; as well as a chest X-ray with no evidence of pulmonary involvement&#46; The authors opted for puncture and aspiration of one of the cervical lesions for diagnostic analysis with Xpert MTB&#47;RIF&#174;&#44; which showed a positive result for the presence of a rifampicin-sensitive MTB strain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While samples of pulmonary tuberculosis &#40;sputum&#41; show a sensitivity of 89&#37; with the referred method&#44; the sensitivity of the analysis of lymph node aspirate reaches 97&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;8</span></a> In a study conducted in Ethiopia&#44; 15 cases of lymph node aspirate were analyzed by Xpert MTB&#47;RIF&#174;&#44; being positive in 33&#37; of cases&#44; while fluorescence microscopy showed the bacillus in only 6&#46;7&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Another meta-analysis study indicated a different sensitivity for samples from different locations&#44; with 83&#46;1&#37; in puncture of scrofuloderma&#44; 80&#46;5&#37; in meningoencephalic tuberculosis&#44; and only 46&#46;4&#37; in pleural fluid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another relevant finding obtained by this method is information about the resistance of the bacillus to rifampicin&#44; a bactericidal drug of great importance in the treatment of CTB&#46; It is estimated that currently about 3&#46;5&#37; of new tuberculosis cases and 18&#37; of previously treated cases are caused by rifampin-resistant MTB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ideally&#44; a PCR exam for the detection and identification of MTB should be accessible to most healthcare services in Brazil&#46; Some already have the Xpert MTB&#47;RIF&#174; method for analyzing sputum samples&#44; which can also be used to analyze other liquid materials&#46; The present cases illustrates the benefit of this method in obtaining a rapid diagnosis using material from puncture and aspiration of a lymph node&#59; the identification of antimicrobial sensitivity to rifampicin allowed an early treatment&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors&#8217; 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Tropical/Infectoparasitary Dermatology
Diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis (lymph node scrofuloderma) using the Xpert MTB/RIF® method
Lilian Lemos Costa, John Verrinder Veasey
Autor para correspondência
johnveasey@uol.com.br

Corresponding author.
Dermatology Clinic, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cutaneous tuberculosis &#40;CTB&#41; accounts for approximately 1&#37;&#8722;2&#37; of tuberculosis cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Scrofuloderma is the most common form of CTB in developing countries such as Brazil&#44; characterized by subcutaneous nodules with fistulas and secretion output&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The diagnosis of tuberculosis is confirmed by evidence of the bacillus&#44; usually <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> &#40;MTB&#41;&#44; a challenging situation for cases of CTB&#44; since the classic diagnostic methods have less sensitivity and specificity for skin presentations in relation to the pulmonary form&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This led the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; to recommend the use of polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; in the diagnosis of this infection&#59; the Xpert MTB&#47;RIF&#174; is one of the devices indicated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> It is an automated&#44; fast&#44; semi-quantitative PCR method that simultaneously detects microorganisms of the MTB complex and the resistance of the agent to rifampicin in liquid clinical samples over a period of two hours&#46; While the use of this method in samples of pulmonary tuberculosis materials is well established&#44; its use in extrapulmonary infections has been poorly described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors report the case of a 19-year-old man&#44; born in Luanda&#44; Angola and living in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil for one year&#44; who presented painful nodules with progressive growth for five months&#46; He denied any systemic or respiratory symptoms&#46; On physical examination&#44; nodules and abscesses were noted on the cervical and thoracic regions&#44; with fistulization and discharge of secretion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; He brought previous exams to the consultation&#44; indicating non-reactive serology for hepatitis B&#44; C&#44; HIV&#44; and HTLV 1 and 2&#44; as well as a chest X-ray with no evidence of pulmonary involvement&#46; The authors opted for puncture and aspiration of one of the cervical lesions for diagnostic analysis with Xpert MTB&#47;RIF&#174;&#44; which showed a positive result for the presence of a rifampicin-sensitive MTB strain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While samples of pulmonary tuberculosis &#40;sputum&#41; show a sensitivity of 89&#37; with the referred method&#44; the sensitivity of the analysis of lymph node aspirate reaches 97&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;8</span></a> In a study conducted in Ethiopia&#44; 15 cases of lymph node aspirate were analyzed by Xpert MTB&#47;RIF&#174;&#44; being positive in 33&#37; of cases&#44; while fluorescence microscopy showed the bacillus in only 6&#46;7&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Another meta-analysis study indicated a different sensitivity for samples from different locations&#44; with 83&#46;1&#37; in puncture of scrofuloderma&#44; 80&#46;5&#37; in meningoencephalic tuberculosis&#44; and only 46&#46;4&#37; in pleural fluid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another relevant finding obtained by this method is information about the resistance of the bacillus to rifampicin&#44; a bactericidal drug of great importance in the treatment of CTB&#46; It is estimated that currently about 3&#46;5&#37; of new tuberculosis cases and 18&#37; of previously treated cases are caused by rifampin-resistant MTB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ideally&#44; a PCR exam for the detection and identification of MTB should be accessible to most healthcare services in Brazil&#46; Some already have the Xpert MTB&#47;RIF&#174; method for analyzing sputum samples&#44; which can also be used to analyze other liquid materials&#46; The present cases illustrates the benefit of this method in obtaining a rapid diagnosis using material from puncture and aspiration of a lymph node&#59; the identification of antimicrobial sensitivity to rifampicin allowed an early treatment&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Financial support</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lilian Lemos Costa&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">John Verrinder Veasey&#58; Approval of the final version of the manuscript&#59; design and planning of the study&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript&#59; collection&#44; analysis&#44; and interpretation of data&#59; effective participation in research orientation&#59; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; critical review of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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