Cutaneous melanoma accounts for nearly 90% of all skin cancer-related deaths worldwide.1 When detected at early stages, prognosis is significantly better, underscoring the importance of population-level screening. Globally, both incidence and mortality have shown a sustained upward trend, with the greatest burden concentrated in high-income regions.2 Among these, Australia remains a global reference due to the exceptionally high incidence of melanoma and the early implementation of nationwide screening and education campaigns, initiated in the 1980s. These efforts likely contributed to the observed peak in incidence in 2005, followed by a gradual decline.3 In contrast, other socioeconomically developed nations, including the United States, have not yet achieved similar reductions in incidence.4

In Brazil, the Brazilian Society of Dermatology launched national skin cancer awareness and early detection campaigns beginning in 1999. Despite these initiatives, morbidity and mortality related to melanoma remain substantially high.5 Genetic susceptibility, chronic ultraviolet exposure, and the country’s vast territorial and climatic heterogeneity all contribute to melanoma risk. Meanwhile, access to genetic risk testing and advanced diagnostic technologies remains limited across Brazilian territory, reflecting broader structural inequalities in the healthcare system.6

Given this scenario, understanding sociodemographic determinants of melanoma risk is essential to support targeted screening, equitable resource allocation, and the design of cost-effective public health strategies ‒ particularly in large and unequal countries such as Brazil. High-income nations, such as Australia, have already demonstrated that structured policies can lead to stabilization or reduction in melanoma mortality.3 This reinforces the urgency of implementing scalable and accessible early-detection strategies in Brazil.

Previous studies examining melanoma trends in Brazil have suggested that population growth and aging may be outpacing improvements in diagnostic capacity, potentially contributing to underdiagnosis or delayed detection in certain regions.5,7,8 To contribute to this discussion, we conducted an ecological study using secondary data from DATASUS, which is the public database of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Case counts were extracted from the Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS), deaths from the Mortality Information System (SIM/SUS), and annual population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ‒ IBGE). Melanoma cases were identified using the ICD-10 code C43, and rates were calculated per 100,000 inhabitants.

Between 2013 and 2023, a total of 20,087 melanoma cases were reported in Brazil. A slight male predominance was observed, with men accounting for 57.5% of cases and women 42.5%. This sex distribution remained stable over the decade. Annual case counts increased gradually from 1,547 in 2013 to 2,047 in 2023 ‒ an overall increase of approximately 32% (Table 1).

Mortality rates also demonstrated consistent sex disparities. Age-adjusted mortality was higher among men throughout the study period, ranging from 0.93 to 1.14 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, whereas female mortality ranged from 0.63 to 0.80. Although small year-to-year oscillations were observed, the persistent difference suggests a systematically elevated risk of melanoma-related death among men in Brazil (Table 2).

Age was strongly associated with mortality. Individuals younger than 30-years accounted for fewer than 2% of deaths. Mortality increased markedly after age 50, with progressive escalation across older age groups. Adults aged 80-years and older represented the highest mortality burden, accounting for 22.9% of all deaths between 2013 and 2023. Additionally, the relative contribution of the ≥80-year-old group increased over time ‒ from 19.3% of deaths in 2013 to 24.9% in 2023 ‒ highlighting the growing influence of population aging on melanoma mortality in Brazil (Table 3 and 4).

Ethnicity also played an important role. Self-declared White individuals consistently exhibited the highest mortality rates, representing 77%–81% of deaths across all years analyzed (Table 5).

Brazil’s heterogeneous ethnic distribution helps contextualize this pattern. The South and Southeast regions ‒ historically shaped by extensive European immigration ‒ concentrate the majority of White individuals in the country and consequently report the highest melanoma incidence and mortality.9 This demographic pattern aligns with findings from our national dataset and helps explain regional differences in melanoma burden.

Our findings are consistent with the long-standing epidemiological profile described in a large population-based cohort from Blumenau, Santa Catarina, which followed melanoma incidence over nearly four decades. That study demonstrated a persistent predominance of melanoma among White men older than 54-years, with incidence increasing steadily throughout the observation period.9 The similarity between our national findings and the Blumenau cohort reinforces the hypothesis that demographic composition ‒ particularly the high concentration of individuals of European descent in southern Brazil ‒ plays a substantial role in shaping the distribution of melanoma in the country.

In addition to environmental and demographic factors, sex-specific behavioral and biological determinants may contribute to the disproportionate burden among men. International studies have shown that men tend to engage less frequently in photoprotection, delay dermatological evaluation, and have lower adherence to preventive measures.10 Biological susceptibility has also been proposed: differences in immune response, DNA repair capacity, and UV-radiation-induced carcinogenesis may predispose men to more aggressive tumor behavior, regardless of geographic or socioeconomic context.9,10 Together, these factors may help explain the higher mortality observed among Brazilian men.

Taken as a whole, our findings illustrate a multifactorial scenario in which demographic, behavioral, biological, and structural healthcare determinants converge to shape melanoma burden in Brazil. If current global patterns are maintained, Brazil may follow the trajectory of high-income countries, with potential stabilization or gradual decline in incidence among younger individuals, but a continued rise in cases among adults older than 55-years due to population aging. With improved public awareness and expanded screening strategies, however, a reduction in mortality is possible, as demonstrated in other national experiences.1–3