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not due to the pathogen intrinsic resistance to antifungals used topically and systemically&#44; but due to individual host factors present in the human microbiome that favor an environment suitable for the persistence of the lipophilic fungus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a> Scientific studies on the use of oral isotretinoin as an alternative to treat infection are scarce&#44; the vast majority of which are case reports&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> The authors report on a patient with chronic PV without improvement following classical treatments based on antifungals&#44; he showed a good response after a few weeks of oral isotretinoin use&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 40-year-old healthy male patient&#44; undergoing dermatological follow-up for eight years due to chronic PV was evaluated&#46; During the period&#44; he had undergone several treatments with antiseborrheic soaps&#44; topical antifungals in shampoo&#44; cream and spray lotion formulations &#40;ciclopirox olamine and azole derivatives&#41;&#44; in addition to oral treatments with ketoconazole&#44; itraconazole and fluconazole&#44; with little improvement and always maintaining a positive Zirel&#237; sign&#44; compatible with active infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a> Dermatological examination revealed diffusely oily skin and PV in a follicular pattern&#46; The patient denied using creams and emollients&#44; and the habit of taking two showers a day&#46; Considering the chronic condition with resistance to classic therapies and oily skin characteristics&#44; general laboratory tests were carried out&#44; which showed normal results&#46; Then an off-label treatment of oral isotretinoin as monotherapy was proposed&#44; without association with previously reported treatments&#46; A dose of 20&#8239;mg&#47;week was prescribed&#44; and the patient improved significantly after eight weeks of follow-up&#44; without any laboratory alterations&#46; A total dose of 160&#8239;mg was administered during the period &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1&#44; 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46; To improve the oily skin condition and prevent the recurrence of the infection&#44; continuous use of this dose of isotretinoin was maintained&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The classification of recurrent and chronic PV is based on the number of lesion recurrences after treatment with adequate antifungals over a two-year period&#58; up to four for recurrent&#44; and more than four for chronic conditions&#46; As concluded by Framil et al&#46;&#44; there is no correlation between the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species&#44; the clinical form&#44; and recurrence episodes&#44; but a close relationship with individual predisposing factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of isotretinoin for PV was initially described in 2006 by Bartel et al&#46;&#44; in a case of a 14-year-old adolescent with PV on the back and severe acne&#44; treated with 40&#8239;mg of isotretinoin&#44; twice a day &#40;1&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47; day&#41;&#44; for five months&#46; There was clinical and mycological cure of PV&#44; suggesting a direct role against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> or through the reduction of the cutaneous lipid content by the drug&#44; making the environment less favorable for the lipophilic fungus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In 2018&#44; Yazici et al&#46; described another case of a patient with chronic PV for 15 years who was treated with oral isotretinoin at a dose of 20&#8239;mg&#47;day for two months&#44; showing sustained improvement after one year of medication withdrawal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In a recent extensive review study on isotretinoin&#44; Bagatin et al&#46; discuss several off-label uses of the drug&#44; including seborrheic dermatitis but do not specifically address PV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Geissler et al&#46; reported that treatment with very low doses of isotretinoin &#40;2&#46;5&#8239;mg&#47;3 times a week&#41; is effective in controlling seborrhea&#44; with a 51&#37; reduction in the size of the sebaceous gland&#44; as demonstrated on histopathology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reduced doses to control moderate acne have been successfully described since the 90&#8239;s&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> an opinion supported to this day by reviews that demonstrate a tendency to prescribe lower daily doses &#40;0&#46;1&#8239;&#8722;&#8239;0&#46;5&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#44; up to 5&#8239;mg&#41;&#44; for a longer period &#40;up to 18 months&#41;&#44; fewer adverse events&#44; better tolerability and relapse rates similar to those observed with conventional doses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the efficacy of isotretinoin is well-known in acne&#44; literature on its use in PV is scarce&#46; The likely mechanism underlying the long-term efficacy and remission of PV with isotretinoin use seems to be related to decreased sebum production and sebaceous gland atrophy&#46; Further studies are needed to establish the ideal dose and duration of therapy&#46; The authors think that low-dose isotretinoin may be a good therapeutic option for recurrent and chronic PV&#46; It is clear that research into the use of isotretinoin to control PV is a field that is extremely lacking in robust and consistent studies&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">John Verrinder Veasey&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; data collection&#44; or analysis and interpretation of data&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; collection&#44; analysis and interpretation of data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gustavo de S&#225; Menezes Carvalho&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; data collection&#44; or analysis and interpretation of data&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; collection&#44; analysis and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Guilherme Camargo Julio Valinoto&#58; 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Letter - Therapy
Oral isotretinoin for the treatment of chronic pityriasis versicolor: case report and literature review
John Verrinder Veaseya,b,
Corresponding author
johnveasey@uol.com.br

Corresponding author.
, Gustavo de Sá Menezes Carvalhoa,b, Guilherme Camargo Julio Valinotoa,b
a Dermatology Clinic, Hospital da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
b Discipline of Dermatology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pityriasis versicolor &#40;PV&#41; is a superficial mycosis caused by yeast species of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> genus&#46; It affects individuals worldwide&#44; mostly in countries with tropical and subtropical climates&#44; where the incidence can reach up to 50&#37; of the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Propaedeutic and complementary methods such as the Zirel&#237; sign&#44; dermoscopy&#44; and Wood&#39;s light are useful both in the diagnosis of the infection and in evaluating the therapeutic response by helping to differentiate between active disease and post-inflammatory hypochromia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment is especially challenging in cases of recurrent or chronic evolution&#44; not due to the pathogen intrinsic resistance to antifungals used topically and systemically&#44; but due to individual host factors present in the human microbiome that favor an environment suitable for the persistence of the lipophilic fungus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a> Scientific studies on the use of oral isotretinoin as an alternative to treat infection are scarce&#44; the vast majority of which are case reports&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> The authors report on a patient with chronic PV without improvement following classical treatments based on antifungals&#44; he showed a good response after a few weeks of oral isotretinoin use&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 40-year-old healthy male patient&#44; undergoing dermatological follow-up for eight years due to chronic PV was evaluated&#46; During the period&#44; he had undergone several treatments with antiseborrheic soaps&#44; topical antifungals in shampoo&#44; cream and spray lotion formulations &#40;ciclopirox olamine and azole derivatives&#41;&#44; in addition to oral treatments with ketoconazole&#44; itraconazole and fluconazole&#44; with little improvement and always maintaining a positive Zirel&#237; sign&#44; compatible with active infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a> Dermatological examination revealed diffusely oily skin and PV in a follicular pattern&#46; The patient denied using creams and emollients&#44; and the habit of taking two showers a day&#46; Considering the chronic condition with resistance to classic therapies and oily skin characteristics&#44; general laboratory tests were carried out&#44; which showed normal results&#46; Then an off-label treatment of oral isotretinoin as monotherapy was proposed&#44; without association with previously reported treatments&#46; A dose of 20&#8239;mg&#47;week was prescribed&#44; and the patient improved significantly after eight weeks of follow-up&#44; without any laboratory alterations&#46; A total dose of 160&#8239;mg was administered during the period &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1&#44; 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46; To improve the oily skin condition and prevent the recurrence of the infection&#44; continuous use of this dose of isotretinoin was maintained&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The classification of recurrent and chronic PV is based on the number of lesion recurrences after treatment with adequate antifungals over a two-year period&#58; up to four for recurrent&#44; and more than four for chronic conditions&#46; As concluded by Framil et al&#46;&#44; there is no correlation between the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> species&#44; the clinical form&#44; and recurrence episodes&#44; but a close relationship with individual predisposing factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of isotretinoin for PV was initially described in 2006 by Bartel et al&#46;&#44; in a case of a 14-year-old adolescent with PV on the back and severe acne&#44; treated with 40&#8239;mg of isotretinoin&#44; twice a day &#40;1&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47; day&#41;&#44; for five months&#46; There was clinical and mycological cure of PV&#44; suggesting a direct role against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia</span> or through the reduction of the cutaneous lipid content by the drug&#44; making the environment less favorable for the lipophilic fungus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In 2018&#44; Yazici et al&#46; described another case of a patient with chronic PV for 15 years who was treated with oral isotretinoin at a dose of 20&#8239;mg&#47;day for two months&#44; showing sustained improvement after one year of medication withdrawal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In a recent extensive review study on isotretinoin&#44; Bagatin et al&#46; discuss several off-label uses of the drug&#44; including seborrheic dermatitis but do not specifically address PV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Geissler et al&#46; reported that treatment with very low doses of isotretinoin &#40;2&#46;5&#8239;mg&#47;3 times a week&#41; is effective in controlling seborrhea&#44; with a 51&#37; reduction in the size of the sebaceous gland&#44; as demonstrated on histopathology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reduced doses to control moderate acne have been successfully described since the 90&#8239;s&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> an opinion supported to this day by reviews that demonstrate a tendency to prescribe lower daily doses &#40;0&#46;1&#8239;&#8722;&#8239;0&#46;5&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#44; up to 5&#8239;mg&#41;&#44; for a longer period &#40;up to 18 months&#41;&#44; fewer adverse events&#44; better tolerability and relapse rates similar to those observed with conventional doses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the efficacy of isotretinoin is well-known in acne&#44; literature on its use in PV is scarce&#46; The likely mechanism underlying the long-term efficacy and remission of PV with isotretinoin use seems to be related to decreased sebum production and sebaceous gland atrophy&#46; Further studies are needed to establish the ideal dose and duration of therapy&#46; The authors think that low-dose isotretinoin may be a good therapeutic option for recurrent and chronic PV&#46; It is clear that research into the use of isotretinoin to control PV is a field that is extremely lacking in robust and consistent studies&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Financial support</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">John Verrinder Veasey&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; data collection&#44; or analysis and interpretation of data&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; collection&#44; analysis and interpretation of data&#59; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and&#47;or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gustavo de S&#225; Menezes Carvalho&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; data collection&#44; or analysis and interpretation of data&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; collection&#44; analysis and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Guilherme Camargo Julio Valinoto&#58; Design and planning of the study&#59; data collection&#44; or analysis and interpretation of data&#59; drafting and editing of the manuscript or critical review of important intellectual content&#59; collection&#44; analysis and interpretation of data&#59; critical review of the literature&#59; approval of the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 03650596
Original language: English
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