Journal Information
Vol. 97. Issue 1.
Pages 37-44 (01 January 2022)
Visits
4249
Vol. 97. Issue 1.
Pages 37-44 (01 January 2022)
Original Article
Open Access
Infantile hemangiomas: risk factors for complications, recurrence and unaesthetic sequelae
Visits
4249
Letícia Gaertner Mariania, Lílian Moraes Ferreirab, Diego Luiz Rovarisc, Renan Rangel Bonamigod,e, Ana Elisa Kiszewskie,f,
Corresponding author
kiszewski@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
c Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
d Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
e Service of Dermatology, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
f Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (5)
Show moreShow less
Tables (3)
Table 1. Infantile hemangiomas: clinical-epidemiological profile and obstetric evolution.
Table 2. Statistical analysis of treatment time with propranolol and multiple variables.
Table 3. Recurrent infantile hemangiomas: clinical picture, age at recurrence and treatment.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Background

Infantile hemangiomas (IH) occur in approximately 4% to 10% of the pediatric population. The identification of clinical subtypes and conditions that indicate increased risk for complications is essential for therapeutic success.

Objectives

To identify risk factors for complications, recurrence and unaesthetic sequelae.

Methods

Retrospective cohort of patients with infantile hemangiomas undergoing follow-up at the Dermatology Service of Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, between 2006 and 2018.

Results

190 patients were included; 24% had some type of complication, ulceration being the most frequent, and 86% required treatment. On correlation, ulceration was statistically related to mixed IH (p = 0.004), segmental IH (p < 0.01) and location in the gluteal region (p = 0.001). The mean time of treatment with propranolol was 12.7 months. Patients with PHACES syndrome and segmental infantile hemangioma required longer treatment (p < 0.001 and p = 0.0407, respectively), as well as those who started treatment after five months of life (p < 0.0001). Recurrence occurred in 16.6% of the treated patients, all-female; 94% were located on the head and neck (mainly on the upper eyelid, cyrano, S3 segment, and with parotid involvement); 61% and 38.8% were of the mixed and deep subtypes, respectively. Approximately 1/3 of the patients had some unaesthetic sequelae.

Study limitations

As this is a retrospective study, data and photos of some patients were lost.

Conclusions

Mixed and segmental hemangiomas are risk factors for ulceration and sequelae. Recurrence occurs more often in females and segmental hemangiomas. Segmental infantile hemangioma and PHACES syndrome require a longer time of treatment. Specific protocols are required for infantile hemangiomas with a high risk of recurrence.

Keywords:
Hemangioma
Propranolol
Recurrence
Risk factors
Scars
Full Text
Introduction

Infantile Hemangiomas (IH) are the most common benign vascular tumor of childhood, occurring in approximately 4% to 10% of this population.1–6 They can differ considerably in size, growth, location, and depth. In most cases, they are small, sporadic, and uncomplicated.7,8

Morphologically, IH are classified as superficial, deep, or mixed. Regarding their extension, they can be focal, segmental, or multifocal.1–3,6 The focal subtype is the most common, while the segmental subtypes – which occupy a subunit of the body – are often associated with complications.3,9–11 Patients with segmental lesions on the face or neck may present with PHACES syndrome, which represents a spectrum of associated abnormalities (posterior fossa brain malformation, hemangioma, arterial, cardiac, ocular, and sternal abnormalities).10 Cyrano hemangiomas are those located on the nasal tip.

IH occur more often in preterm, female, and low-birth-weight infants.9,10 Other risk factors associated with a higher incidence of IH are: older maternal age, Caucasian ethnicity, multiple pregnancy, placenta previa, and preeclampsia.3 Although they are usually sporadic, a family history of IH increases the risk of hemangioma, suggesting that a genetic predisposition may be implicated in the pathogenesis of IH.1

Regarding the natural history, it is generally divided into phases: (1) occurrence at birth or soon after; (2) early proliferation; (3) late proliferation; (4) stabilization (plateau); (5) involution.1–3 Most IH are not present at birth but typically appear in the first weeks of life, while some patients have a precursor lesion at birth: a small red papule, telangiectasia, hypochromic macula (corresponding to an anemic nevus), or pseudo-ecchymoses. The tumors grow rapidly for six to ten months (proliferative phase), with most reaching their maximum size between three and five months of age and slowly regressing by seven to ten years (involution phase), with complete regression seen in 90% of cases at four years of age.6

Patients diagnosed with IH undergoing follow-up at a university hospital in southern Brazil were analyzed aiming to understand the epidemiological profile, clinical and therapeutic aspects of these patients, and to identify conditions associated with complications, recurrence, and unaesthetic sequelae.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with IH treated at the Department of Pediatric Dermatology of Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil between 2006 and 2018. This study is in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under number 1973303. Free and informed consent was obtained in all cases.

The diagnosis of IH was a clinical one in most cases, except for deep IH, which required complementary exams such as Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For SACRAL (spinal dysraphism, anogenital, cutaneous, renal, and urologic anomalies, associated with an IH of lumbosacral location) syndrome, MRI of the spine and pelvis was performed in the diagnostic context; whereas patients with PHACES syndrome were submitted to Computed Tomography (CT) and/or head MRI. The diagnosis of PHACES syndrome was performed according to the diagnostic criteria published by Metry et al. in 2009.12 Patients with multifocal IH were submitted to total abdominal ultrasound to rule out liver involvement.

The unaesthetic sequelae included anetoderma, redundant skin, fibroadipose tissue, atrophic scars, and telangiectasias, while the included complications comprised ulceration and functional alteration. The authors of the present study considered as recent recurrence those that occurred between 11 months and two years and 11 months of age and as late recurrence those that occurred from three years of age.

The review of medical records of the selected patients was performed, as well as the photographic analysis. Any variable not found in the medical record was investigated during the routine medical consultation or by telephone contact. Patients whose parents did not sign the Free and Informed Consent Form were excluded from the study.

Demographic and prenatal variables of the selected patients were collected at the first consultation in the Dermatology Unit of Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre. Clinical, therapeutic and treatment response variables were analyzed during routine consultations and through photographic analysis.

Group comparisons were made using Student’s t test and Pearson’s chi-square or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Fisher’s exact tests, when appropriate. The association between the length of treatment with propranolol and clinical variables was tested using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling. For this analysis, a gamma distribution with a logarithmic function was chosen. A robust estimator and an independent method were selected for the covariance and correlation matrices, respectively. The alpha was set at 5%, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Yates continuity correction was used to evaluate the correlation.

Results

Between 2006 and 2018, 190 patients (72.6% female) diagnosed with IH were included. The mean age at diagnosis of IH was, in general, 14 days of life, although 63% of the cases had a precursor lesion at birth. The mean age at the diagnosis for superficial IH was 11.9 days, 14 days for mixed IH, and 34 days for deep IH (p = 0.0192).

Focal IH was the most prevalent subtype, occurring in 133 patients (71.8%). Regarding the morphological subtype, most (62.5%) had a mixed component and 74.8% were located on the head/neck. Of the patients with multifocal IH, 25% had visceral hemangioma, with the liver being the most common site (75%; Table 1).

Table 1.

Infantile hemangiomas: clinical-epidemiological profile and obstetric evolution.

Variables   
Sex – n (%)  190 (100) 
Female  138 (72.6) 
Male  52 (27.3) 
Morphological subtype – n (%)  176 (93) 
Superficial  54 (30.6) 
Mixed  110 (62.5) 
Deep  12 (6.8) 
Location – n (%)  187 (98) 
Head and neck  140 (74.8) 
Anogenital  14 (7.4) 
Outro  75 (40.1) 
Clinical subtype – n (%)  185 (97) 
Focal  133 (71.8) 
Segmental  36 (19.4) 
Multifocal  16 (8.7) 
PHACES syndrome  9 (4.8%) 
Delivery – n (%)  127 (67) 
C-section  102 (80.3) 
Vaginal  25 (19.6) 
Family History of IH – n (%)  89 (47) 
Yes  19 (21.3) 
No  70 (78.6) 
Premature birth (<37 weeks) – n (%)  145 (76) 
Yes  40 (27.5) 
No  105 (72.4) 

Thirty-six patients (19.4%) had segmental IH and 4.8% had PHACES syndrome, according to the diagnostic criteria proposed by Metry et al.12 One patient had SACRAL syndrome (Table 1).

Forty children (27.5%; 40/145) were preterm (gestational age <37 weeks). The mean birth weight was 2980 g, but 18% had low birth weight (<2500 g) (Table 1).

The mean time of follow-up was 330 days. There was some loss to follow-up (42/190; 22%), and all cases comprised small superficial IH and, therefore, did not require treatment. Twenty-four percent of the patients (46/190) had some type of complication. Of these, ulceration occurred in 29 patients (63%) and functional alteration in 17 patients (36%). Considering all functional alterations, 76.4% occurred in segmental IH and 23.5% in focal IH. The most frequent functional changes were ocular occlusion (9/17: 52.9%) – causing amblyopia or astigmatism – followed by respiratory dysfunction (6/17: 35.2%). All IH that caused respiratory distress were located in the lower lip. On correlation evaluation, ulceration was statistically related to mixed IH (p = 0.004), segmental IH (p < 0.01) and location on the gluteal region (p = 0.001). The presence of superficial IH was related to the absence of ulceration (p = 0.035).

Of the treated patients, thirty-one percent (51/163) had some unaesthetic sequelae. Of these, mixed IH was the most common subtype (28/51; 54.9%; p = 0.004), followed by deep IH (12/51; 23.5%; p = 0.8) and superficial IH (11/51; 21.5%; Fig. 1). Fifty-three percent (27/51) of segmental IH (p < 0.01) and 6 of 9 patients with PHACES syndrome had some unaesthetic sequelae (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Unaesthetic sequela: (A), patient with ulcerated infantile hemangioma on the lip at 4 months of age and (B), scar and redundant skin at 2 years of age.

(0.25MB).

Most patients required some treatment (163/190; 86%). Systemic treatment was required in 108 patients (56.8%). Propranolol (2 mg/kg/day) alone was used in 82 cases and propranolol combined with prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) in 26 cases. Topical 0.5% timolol was used in 55 cases (28.9%). Ninety percent of the patients who received propranolol alone or in combination with steroids had an 80% or greater reduction in hemangioma size at the end of the treatment.

Regarding the duration of treatment with propranolol, the mean time of use was 13.15 ± 7.2 months. There was no statistical difference in treatment duration between the different morphological subtypes (Table 2). Regarding the other clinical subtypes, patients with PHACES syndrome required longer treatment (p < 0.001; Table 2); earlier treatment (p = 0.0069) and ended treatment later, but without statistical significance (p = 0.0652; Fig. 2A). Segmental IH also required prolonged treatment, although without statistical significance in the generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling (p = 0.0407; Table 2); however, with statistical significance in the post-hoc analysis both at the start of the treatment (p = 0.029) and at the end (p = 0.0396; Fig. 2B). A significant association was found between ulceration and propranolol treatment duration detected with the GEE modeling (p = 0.0088; Table 2). However, the post-hoc analysis found no statistical difference between the groups (ulcerated and non-ulcerated; Fig. 2C).

Table 2.

Statistical analysis of treatment time with propranolol and multiple variables.

  p-value 
Clinical subtype     
Cyrano  0.8752  120/89 
PHACES  <0.0001  120/89a 
Multifocal IH  0.7953  120/89 
Segmental  0.0407  123/89b 
Morphological subtype     
Superficial  0.7747  120/89 
Mixed  0.4959  120/89 
Deep  0.3167  120/89 
Location     
Head and neck  0.1196  121/87 
Anogenital  0.1361  121/87 
Lips  0.4820  123/89 
Nose  0.0718  123/89 
Ear  0.1231  123/89 
Other  0.3215  121/87 
Ulceration  0.0088  123/89 
Start of Propranolol (before or after 5 months)  < 0.0001  122/88c 

Test using the Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) modeling.

a,b,cPost-hoc analysis in Graphs 1 A–C (Fig. 2) and Graph 2 (Fig. 3).

Figure 2.

Post-hoc comparisons using generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling related to propranolol treatment time, described in Table 2. (A), PHACES; (B), Segmental hemangiomas and (C), Ulcerated hemangiomas.

(0.19MB).

As for the age at the start of propranolol treatment, 5.68% started it before 30 days of age; 36.58% after two months; 53.65% after three months; 69.09% after four months and 79.4% after five months of age. It was also observed that patients who started treatment after the age of five months required prolonged treatment time (p < 0001; Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

Post-hoc comparisons using generalized estimating equation (GEE) modeling described in Table 2, related to the age at the start of treatment with propranolol.

(0.07MB).

Recurrences occurred in 16.6% of the treated patients (18/108), and recurrences were not observed in patients using timolol only. All were female (p = 0.005); 11 were mixed IH (11/18; 61.1%; p = 0.5), and 7 were deep IH (7/18; 38.8%; p = 0.37). Early recurrence occurred in eight patients (8/108; 7.4%) and late recurrence in ten patients (10/108; 9.2%). All but one had IH located on the head/neck (17/18; 94.4%; p = 0.012), and ten were segmental IH (10/18; 55.5%; p = 0.007). The IH that most often showed recurrence were those affecting the S3 segment of the face (7/18), upper eyelid (7/18), cyrano subtype (5/18), and those involving the parotid (5/18). Regarding late growth, 8/10 patients had mixed subtypes, 4/10 had PHACES syndrome and 4/10 patients had multiple affected segments (Table 3; Figs. 4 and 5).

Table 3.

Recurrent infantile hemangiomas: clinical picture, age at recurrence and treatment.

Patient  Body segment  Subtype  Morphology  Topography  Age at the start and end of treatment  Age at recurrence  Treatment 
1Head and neckDeepFocalUpper lidStart: 7m  1a 9mPPL
End: 1a 6m 
2Anogenital areaMixedFocalVulvaStart: 2m  1a 2mPPL + prednisolone
End: 1y 1m 
3Head and neckMixedSegmentalS1, S2, S3, S4, parotid, cyrano, upper lid PHACESStart: 2m  5aPPL
End: 2y 
4Head and neckMixedSegmentalS2, S3, parotid, lower lip PHACESStart: 2m  4aPPL
End: 2y 
5Head and neckDeepFocalUpper lidStart: 5m  1a 7mPPL
End: 1y 4m 
6Head and neckDeepFocalCyranoStart: 1m  1a 3mPPL
End: 8m 
7Head and neckMixedSegmentalS1, S2, upper lidStart: 3m  2a 2mPPL
End: 1y 8m 
8Head and neckMixedSegmentalS1, S2, S3, cervical, parotid, upper lidStart: 3m  3aPPL + prednisolone
End: 1y 7m 
9Head and neckDeepFocalCyranoStart: 2m  4a 7mPPL
End: 3y 2m 
10Head and neckDeepFocalUpper lidStart: 6m  3a 4mPPL
End: 2y 1m 
11Head and neckMixedSegmentalS3, cervical, lips, PHACESStart: 3m  3aPPL + prednisolone
End: 2y 10m 
12Head and neckDeepFocalUpper lidStart: 4m  1a 3mPPL
End: 8m 
13Head and neckMixedFocalCyranoStart: 3m  1a 4mPPL
End: 1y 
14Head and neckDeepSegmentalS3, parotidStart: 6m  2a 6mPPL
End: 2y 5m 
15Head and neckMixedSegmentalS3, parotid, lip, PHACESStart: 3m  4aPPL + prednisolone
End: 1y 3m 
16Head and neckMixedSegmentalS2, S3, cervical, lips, PHACESStart: 3m  3a 10mPPL
End: 3y 
17Head and neckMixedSegmentalS4, lips, cyranoStart: 2m  6aPPL + prednisolone
End: 2y 1m 
18Head and neckMixedSegmentalS2Start: 8m  3a 5mPPL
End: 2y 10m 

S1, Frontotemporal segment; S2, Maxillary segment; S3, Mandibular segment; S4, Frontonasal segment; PPL, Propranolol.

Figure 4.

Example of late infantile hemangioma growth 1. (A), Profile of patient with cyrano hemangioma at 2 months of age before treatment. (B), Profile of patient at the end of treatment at 3 years and 2 months of age with propranolol. (C), Profile of the patient at 4 years and 7 months, with late growth.

(0.11MB).
Figure 5.

Example of late infantile hemangioma growth. (A), Patient with PHACES syndrome at 2 months of age before treatment. (B), Patient aged 1 year and 10 months – at the end of treatment with propranolol. (C), Patient at 4 years and 6 months of age with late infantile hemangioma growth, when treatment with propranolol was restarted. (D), Patient at 6 years of age, showing regression of the hemangioma.

(0.17MB).
Discussion

The classification of IH regarding extension, topography, and subtypes can predict the risk of complications, sequelae, and recurrence. Multiple lesions are associated with visceral involvement (especially liver and gastro intestinal tract).3,9,13–15 Segmental and facial IH show a high risk of unaesthetic sequelae, complications, and recurrence.9,11,13 However, there are yet no specific guidelines for the treatment of IH located on this topography, and that have a higher risk of recurrence. It seems obvious to think that for IH at high risk for complications, treatment with propranolol should be prolonged.

It is known that some IH may have a prolonged growth phase, associated with early recurrence, observed after propranolol dose reduction or at the end of the treatment.16 On the other hand, to date, there is no scientific explanation for late recurrence after three years of age. The prevalence of late recurrence is scarcely known.13,17 Ten to thirty percent of hemangiomas recur after the use of propranolol, and it is estimated that 1% of patients have a late growth phase (after three years of age). Factors associated with recurrence remain uncertain.13–17 In this study, the frequency of late growth was high, which makes one think that late recurrence cases may be underestimated. Further studies are required to assess the true prevalence of late recurrence. The most important finding of this study concerns the risk factors for recent and late recurrence. The study results are in agreement with those of the important study by O'Brien et al., except that there are more cases of mixed IH with late growth in the present study.13 Interestingly, it seems that recent and late recurrences share the same risk factors, so these patients should be monitored throughout childhood. In this study, patients with segmental IH and PHACES syndrome required prolonged treatment. This finding was expected because these patients constitute more severe cases and have more recurrences, which resulted in prolonged treatment time.

In a previous cohort including 1,096 children, Metry et al. found 20% of segmental IH and 2.3% of PHACES syndrome in the total number of cases.10 The present study found a higher frequency of PHACES syndrome and segmental IH. A possible reason for this finding is that the present study was carried out in a tertiary center, a referral center for severe cases.

Ulceration is estimated to occur in approximately 5% to 21% of IH and was the most common complication in a prospective study, occurring in 16% of the cases.18–21 Ulceration can lead to severe pain, bleeding, and secondary infection, in addition to the risk of permanent scarring.19

Early intervention and/or referral to a specialized service as of the fourth week of life are recommended in cases of IH with a high risk for complications (ulceration, unaesthetic sequelae or functional loss), aiming to reduce the risk of unaesthetic scarring and permanent sequelae.22 In the present study, only 50% of the patients started treatment before the age of three months and this fact may have contributed to unaesthetic sequelae. It is noteworthy the high frequency of sequelae in the present study. Difficulty in access to tertiary care and/or lack of information by pediatricians and dermatologists can explain this delay. The present study showed that children who started treatment before four months of age had a better response to treatment and children who started treatment at an older age required prolonged treatment.

The limitations of the present study were the lack of data and photographs in some medical records and loss to follow-up, as this was a retrospective study, and because it was carried out in a single hospital, it does not constitutes a population-based study.

Conclusion

This is the first study to draw a broad epidemiological profile of IH in southern Brazil. Mixed, segmental IH and those located in the gluteal region are at risk for ulceration. Mixed, segmental IH and those localized in the head and neck are at risk for sequelae. Female sex and segmental IH are risk factors for recurrence. Additionally, IH located on the S3 segment of the face, upper eyelid, lips, affecting the parotids and cyrano subtype add greater risk for complications. The present study establishes the risk factors for recurrence and alerts to the fact that these patients must be carefully monitored even after treatment interruption. Specific treatment protocols are required for IH with a high risk for complications and recurrence.

Financial support

The study was funded in part by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel – Brazil (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES) – Funding Code 001.

Authors’ contributions

Letícia Gaertner Mariani: Design and planning of the study; collection of data; drafting of the manuscript.

Lílian Moraes Ferreira: Design and planning of the study; collection of data.

Diego Luiz Rovaris: Analysis and interpretation of data.

Renan Rangel Bonamigo: Analysis and interpretation of data.

Ana Elisa Kiszewski: Design and planning of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; critical review of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

Ana Elisa Kiszewski is a consultant for Johnson & Johnson. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
K.B. Püttgen.
Diagnosis and Management of Infantile Hemangiomas.
Pediatr Clin North Am., 61 (2014), pp. 383-402
[2]
M. Luu, I.J. Frieden.
Hemangioma: clinical course, complications, and management.
Br J Dermatol., (2013),
[3]
M. Jinnin, T. Ishihara, E. Boye, B.R. Olsen.
Recent progress in studies of infantile hemangioma.
J Dermatol., 37 (2010), pp. 939-955
[4]
C. Kilcline, I.J. Frieden.
Infantile hemangiomas: How common are they? A systematic review of the medical literature.
Pediatr Dermatol., 25 (2008), pp. 168-173
[5]
K.R. Anderson, J.J. Schoch, C.M. Lohse, J.L. Hand, D.M. Davis, M.M. Tollefson.
Increasing incidence of infantile hemangiomas (IH) over the past 35 years: Correlation with decreasing gestational age at birth and birth weight.
J Am Acad Dermatol., 74 (2016), pp. 120-126
[6]
C. Léauté-Labrèze, J.I. Harper, P.H. Hoeger.
Infantile haemangioma.
[7]
Y. Ji, K. Li, X. Xiao, S. Zheng, T. Xu, S. Chen.
Effects of propranolol on the proliferation and apoptosis of hemangioma-derived endothelial cells.
J Pediatr Surg., 47 (2012), pp. 2216-2223
[8]
M. Bota, G. Popa, C.L. Blag, D.C. Leucuta, A. Tătaru.
Infantile hemangiomas: a 7-year experience of a single-center.
Clujul Med., 90 (2017), pp. 396-400
[9]
A.N. Haggstrom, B.A. Drolet, E. Baselga, S.L. Chamlim, C. Garzon, K.A. Horii, et al.
Prospective Study of Infantile Hemangiomas: Clinical Characteristics Predicting Complications and Treatment.
Pediatrics., 118 (2006), pp. 882-887
[10]
D.W. Metry, A.N. Haggstrom, B.A. Drolet, E. Baselga, S. Chamlim, M. Garzon, et al.
A prospective study of PHACE syndrome in infantile hemangiomas: demographic features, clinical findings, and complications.
Am J Med Genet A., 140 (2006), pp. 975-986
[11]
K.G. Chiller, D. Passaro, I.J. Frieden.
Hemangiomas of infancy: clinical characteristics, morphologic subtypes, and their relationship to race, ethnicity, and sex.
Arch Dermatology., 138 (2002), pp. 1567-1576
[12]
D. Metry, G. Heyer, C. Hess, M. Garzon, A. Haggstrom, P. Frommlet, et al.
Consensus Statement on Diagnostic Criteria for PHACE Syndrome.
Pediatrics., 124 (2009), pp. 1447-1456
[13]
K.F. O’Brien, S.D. Shah, E. Pope, E.J. Phillips, F. Blei, E. Baselga, et al.
Late growth of infantile hemangiomas in children &3 years of age: A retrospective study.
J Am Acad Dermatol., 80 (2019), pp. 493-499
[14]
L.C. Chang, A.N. Haggstrom, B.A. Drolet, E. Baselga, S.L. Chamlim, M.C. Garzon.
Growth Characteristics of Infantile Hemangiomas: Implications for Management.
Pediatrics., 122 (2008), pp. 360-367
[15]
J.B. Mulliken, S.J. Fishman, P.E. Burrows.
Vascular anomalies.
Curr Probl Surg., 37 (2000), pp. 517-584
[16]
S.D. Shah, E. Baselga, C. McCuaig, E. Pope, J. Coulie, L.M. Boon, et al.
Rebound Growth of Infantile Hemangiomas After Propranolol Therapy.
[17]
N. Shehata, J. Powell, J. Dubois, A. Hatami, E. Rousseau, S. Ondrejchak, et al.
Late rebound of infantile hemangioma after cessation of oral propranolol.
Pediatr Dermatol., 30 (2013), pp. 587-591
[18]
L. Obler, M. Hogeling.
Infantile Hemangioma: A Brief Review of Clinical Manifestations, Associations and Treatment.
J Dermatology and Clin Res., 4 (2016), pp. 1076
[19]
H.J. Kim, M. Colombo, I.J. Frieden.
Ulcerated hemangiomas: Clinical characteristics and response to therapy.
J Am Acad Dermatol., 44 (2001), pp. 962-972
[20]
H.T. Shin, S.J. Orlow, M.W. Chang.
Ulcerated haemangioma of infancy: A retrospective review of 47 patients.
Br J Dermatol., 156 (2007), pp. 1050-1052
[21]
D.H. Darrow, A.K. Greene, A.J. Mancini, A.J. Nopper.
Diagnosis and Management of Infantile Hemangioma.
Pediatrics., 136 (2015), pp. 1060-1104
[22]
D.P. Krowchuk, I.J. Frieden, A.J. Mancini, H. Darrow, F. Blei, A.K. Greene, et al.
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Infantile Hemangiomas.
Pediatrics., 143 (2019),

Study conducted at the Pediatric Dermatology Outpatient Clinic, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Copyright © 2021. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia
Idiomas
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
Article options
Tools
en pt
Cookies policy Política de cookies
To improve our services and products, we use "cookies" (own or third parties authorized) to show advertising related to client preferences through the analyses of navigation customer behavior. Continuing navigation will be considered as acceptance of this use. You can change the settings or obtain more information by clicking here. Utilizamos cookies próprios e de terceiros para melhorar nossos serviços e mostrar publicidade relacionada às suas preferências, analisando seus hábitos de navegação. Se continuar a navegar, consideramos que aceita o seu uso. Você pode alterar a configuração ou obter mais informações aqui.